Insightful Articles Portraying Interesting Facts about - A UNIQUE CASTE HIERACHY IN ANCIENT INDIA

 

Caste System in Ancient India

It represents the hierarchy of Caste - the Brahmins (priests and scholars) occupying the topmost position and the rest namely Kshatriya (kings, governors, and warriors), Vaishya (cattle herders, agriculturists, artisans, and merchants) and Sudras coming in descending order. From this it has been concluded that the Sudra caste (laborers and service providers).  It indicates the colour, type, order or class of people.  It reinforced the idea that lifestyles, occupations, ritual statuses, and social statuses were inherited.

Caste System in Vedic Age

The Vedas were ancient scriptures, written in the Sanskrit language, which contained hymns, philosophies, and rituals handed down to the priests of the Vedic religion. The low position, accorded to people like blacksmiths, tanners, butchers in the Smriti literature, are not found in the Vedas. The term 'dasa' seems to be the designation of a section of powerful non-Aryans who used to cause trouble to the Aryans. Dasas are stated to have been wealthy and lived in cities

Caste System in Age of Brahmanas

The Brahmanas confirm the fact that Sudras were called dasas. Those among them who did not surrender to the Aryans were termed dasyus (robbers). In the Brahmanas it has been found that Sudras were servants by occupation and that he could be ejected from a place or even slain at will. Priests, gurus, rishis, teachers, and scholars constituted the Brahmin.

Caste System in Age of Epics

It clearly indicates the Aryan expansion into South India and also hints at the use of military force in this process. The epic also makes it clear that the Dravidian culture was also equally superior. The Mahabharata shows that by that time the whole of India was Aryanised. It also provides us information regarding the various states existing at that time. The life of the Epics tells us that the Aryans were no longer divided into small clans or tribes, and powerful states like Panchalas, Pandus, Kosalas, Kashih had come into existence. Far reaching changes took place in the religion of the people during the Epic period. 

 

Caste System in Jainism

 Jainism divides mankind into a caste system which is further divided into numerous sub-castes (Jatis). All sorts of beings belong to Jainism, but it does not mean that they are equal in their status. All Jivas are divided into four levels of existence; Gods, human beings, animals and beings in hell. Each one of them has a number of classes which are precisely distinguished from one another, and the individual classes are further divided into sub-classes. The uppermost three castes are called ‘twice-born’ because their males experience a second, spiritual birth by a special consecration in which they are encircled by a holy thread. The castes of Brahmins or the priests, Kshatriyas or the warriors and Vaishyas or the businessmen are the ‘twice-born’.

Jainism holds that the universe has existed through all eternity and will continue to exist forever. Thus, there is no need for a creator-god, or a creation myth. Indeed, in its original form Jainism had no gods and did not worship idols (in direct contrast to Hindu practices). The 24 Jain Tirthankaras ("fordmakers") were to be revered, but they were men, not gods. They had attained perfect knowledge, and their appearance in the world was tied to the moral and religious decay of the people and the need for a reawakening and revival of religious values.

The founder of Jainism is generally regarded to be Mahavira, who was born in Vaisali (in Basarh in northern Bihar) in the 6th century BC. Mahavira literally means "great victor" and is the name given by Jains to Vardhamana, the son of a ksatriya (warrior-caste) chieftain. Mahavira most likely lived from 599 to 527 BC, although some sources give 549–477 BC as his dates. The Jains claim that rather than being the founder of their religion, he was but the twenty-fourth in a line of prophets and teachers stretching back through time. There is historical evidence for the existence of Parsvanatha, the twenty-third Tirthankara, who lived in the 8th century BC. Some Jain scholars even claim that Jainism was present in the Harappan civilization, a thousand years earlier (the swastika, a religious symbol of the Jains, is found in Harappan culture).

 

Nadar Caste

                                Nadar Caste

 Nadar caste was recognized as Shanars till the 19th century. Thereafter they came to be known as Nadars which was derived from the Nandans, the supreme head of this community. The origin of the caste as a social group is anonymous. However historians believe that they are the descendants of prehistoric rulers like Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas. There is not much evidence to support this claim.

The community was previously known as Shanar but legally changed their name to Nadar in 1921. The title Nadar is believed to be derived from the Nelamaikkarars, the aristocrats of the Shanar community who had previously used it exclusively. Nadars claim that the original name of the community was Shantror or Shandrar (noble one) which, in course of time, was corrupted to Shanar. Channar is a title used by the Ezhava community of Kerala.However, there is no evidence to support these claims.

The origin of Nadars as a social group is uncertain. Hardgrave stated that the Teri palmyra forests around today's Tiruchendur must have been their original abode. In the late 19th century, some Nadar activists started claiming that the Nadars are the descendants of those who ruled the Pandyan kingdom and that when Nayak rulers captured the Pandya country, it was divided into several Palayams (divisions) for each of which Palaiyakkars were appointed as rulers. They also claimed that the Nayak rulers of Tamil Nadu imposed Deshaprashtam (ostracism) on the ancient Nadars to ensure that they would not rise.

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Bay of Bengal - West of Bengal

 

Bay of Bengal is a triangular shaped bay in the Indian Ocean, and has derived its name from West Bengal, which lies on the north.  Bay of Bengal lies in the north eastern part of the Indian Ocean. It is in fact a triangular shaped salt-water sea. The bay is surrounded by the Malay Peninsula on the east, and by the Indian subcontinent on the west. The northern section of the bay borders the Bengal region, comprising the Indian state of West Bengal and the country of Bangladesh. As it surrounds the Bengal region, the bay has derived the name Bay of Bengal. The southern tips margin the island country of Sri Lanka, and the Indian Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Many large rivers including Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Ganga and Brahmaputra flow into it. Climate of Bay of Bengal The monsoon currents regulate the climate of the Bay of Bengal and the regions around it. During the months of January to October, the current flows towards the north in a clockwise circulation pattern and is called the East Indian Current. The Bay of Bengal monsoon moves in a northwest direction hitting the Andaman and Nicobar Islands at the end of May and then the North Eastern Coast of India by the end of June. Throughout the remaining part of the year, a counter-clockwise current flows towards the southwest direction, and is called the East Indian Winter Jet. During the months of September and December the weather is very active. The monsoon season often brings in severe cyclones, which affect Eastern India as well as parts of other countries. The 1971 Orissa cyclone is one of the worst.  Bay of Bengal lies in the north eastern part of the Indian Ocean. It is in fact a triangular shaped salt-water sea. The bay is surrounded by the Malay Peninsula on the east, and by the Indian subcontinent on the west. The northern section of the bay borders the Bengal region, comprising the Indian state of West Bengal and the country of Bangladesh. As it surrounds the Bengal region, the bay has derived the name Bay of Bengal. The southern tips margin the island country of Sri Lanka, and the Indian Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Many large rivers including Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Ganga and Brahmaputra flow into it. Beaches on Bay of Bengal There are many beautiful beaches along the bay. Cox's Bazaar, on the north eastern shore of the bay, is one of the longest continuous natural beaches of the world. Other beaches by the side of the bay include Bakkhali, Digha, Chandipur, Puri, Waltair and Marina Beach in India. The region has many sacred sites like the Kumari Kandam, the remains of the Sri Vaisakheswara Swamy temple, the Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram and the Ramanathaswami Temple at Dhanushkodi. Another significant site, which has been conserved, is the Vivekanandar Illam. In the year 1897, Swami Vivekananda's legendary lectures were recorded here at Castle Kernan. The Bay of Bengal was an important centre for British trade. One of the first business enterprises along the Bay of Bengal was of the British East India Company. Gopalpur was one of their major trading centres. The bay provides a means of livelihood for numerous fishermen. Fishermen can catch around 26 to 44 species of marine fish. The average catch is 2 million tons of fish per year from the Bay of Bengal alone.

North Indian States: A Photographic Journey Through the Land of Colors and Contrasts

 North Indian States trace their origin from the history of the land. These states are politically mapped in 1767 by the British East India Company, but these cities were developed during the era of Indus Valley Civilization. The dominant geographical features of that demarcate North India from Tibetan Plateau are the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Great Himalayas. The social, cultural, linguistic and religious unity helped the North Indian states to promote tourism and other industrial development in the modern India.

History of North Indian States

The Northern part of modern India has been the historical centre of the Mauryan Empire, Indo-Greek Empire, Northern Satraps, Gupta Empire, Harsha Empire, Pala Empire, Pratihara Empire, Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, Sur, Sikh, Maratha Empire and British Empire.

Culture of North Indian States

North Indian States have diverse culture which is reflected in the different pilgrimages in this region. This includes Hindu, Islamic, Sikh, and Buddhist pilgrimages. Hindu pilgrimages include Haridwar, Char Dham, Mathura,Varanasi, Ayodhya, Pushkar, Allahabad, and Vaishno Devi. Sarnath and Kushinagar are famous Buddhist centers. The Taj Mahal, an Islamic monument, is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Other Islamic pilgrimages in north India include Dargah Hazratbal, Dargah of Khwaja Moin-ud-din Chishti, Dargah Hazrat Nizamuddin, and Piran Kaliyar Sharif. The golden temple which is a Sikh pilgrimage is a world heritage site is located in Punjab.

Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, Dogri, Kashmiri, and English are official languages in different states and Union Territories of north India. According to Ministry of Culture, a city in Punjab named Patiala became the North Culture Zone on 23 March 1985 and this excludes Delhi.

Demography of North Indian States

People of North India majorly comprises of groups from Indo-Aryan ethno linguistic branch. The demography includes various social groups called Rajputs, Brahmins, Banias, Rors, Jats, Gurjars, Yadavs, Kolis, Khatris, Dalits and Kambojs. There are also several minor ethno-linguistic communities like Dravidian, Austroasiatic, and Tibeto-Burman and these group exits throughout the Indian subcontinent.

Climate of North India

Lying on the north of peninsular India, north Indian states form the coldest regions of the country. The average daily high temperature is at 32 degrees. For several months of the year, it is warm to hot at temperatures continuously above 25 degrees, sometimes up to 40 degrees. North India experiences winters in the months between October and March, as this time the weather remains pleasant and mildly cold to very cold and temperature ranges from a freezing -2 degree C to 14 degrees C.

Flora and Fauna of North India

North Indian states are rich in natural resources and have a large cover of forests. Due to this rich vegetation, several species of animals and birds are found in this region. The vegetation in north Indian states can be categories under Deciduous Forests, temperate forests, tropical thorny forests, and evergreen forest. Animal species found in northern zone include elephant, snow leopard, Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, Asiatic stag, spotted deer, red deer, hog deer, Indian gazelle, blackbuck, Nilgai, porcupine, wild boar, Tibetan sand fox, Indian fox, rhesus monkey, langur, and jungle cat. Both indigenous and migratory birds can be found here.

Tourism in North India

The northern states have a diverse culture, and include different places of tourism interest that comprises nature tourism, leisure tourism, adventure tourism, and also pilgrimage tourism. Pilgrimage destinations include Haridwar, Ayodhya, Mathura, Allahabad, and Pushkar for Hindus. Buddhist pilgrimage centers are Sarnath and Kushinagar. The Sikh Golden Temple as well as world heritage sites such as the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Forts in Rajasthan, Jantar Mantar (Jaipur), Qutb Minar, Red Fort, Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri and Taj Mahal comprise the main tourist attractions in north India.

States of North India

The northern part of India is a loosely defined region consisting of Indus-Gangetic Plain, Thar Desert and the Himalayan Mountain Range. Currently, North Indian comprises of six states and four union territories. The states are Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and some parts of Rajasthan. The Union Territories include, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Delhi, and Chandigarh. The state of Jammu & Kashmir was accorded as two union territories in August 2019. One part became the union territory of Jammu & Kashmir and the other part became the union territory of Ladakh.

Following are the states in north India discussed in details:

Punjab: Punjab is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir to the north, Himachal Pradesh to the east, Haryana to the south and southeast, Rajasthan to the southwest, and the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west. The state capital is located in Chandigarh. The culture of Punjab includes the "bhangra" dance, a vast range of cuisine which has become widely popular abroad, and a number of seasonal and harvest festivals such as Lohri, Vasant Panchami, Vaisakhi and Teeyan. There are 22 districts in the Indian state of Punjab.

Haryana: Haryana is spread about 44,212 square km. The city of Chandigarh is its capital while the NCR city of Faridabad is the most populous city of the state. Haryana is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north and by Rajasthan to the west and south. The Yamuna River defines its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh. The Indian state of Haryana also has 22 districts.

Himachal Pradesh: Himachal Pradesh is bordered by Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab and Chandigarh on the west, Haryana on the south-west, Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east. Himachal Pradesh consists of 12 districts.

Uttar Pradesh: Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world. Lucknow is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh. Ghaziabad, Bulandshahr, Kanpur, Gorakhpur, Allahabad, Raebareli, Moradabad, Bareilly, Aligarh, Sonbhadra, and Varanasi are known for their industrial and tourism importance in this state. Currently, there are 75 districts in Uttar Pradesh.

Uttarakhand: Uttarakhand is often referred to as the "Devbhumi" due to many Hindu temples and Buddhist pilgrimage centers. It is noted for the Himalayan Mountain Range, the Bhabhar and the Terai. Uttarakhand is bounded by 13 districts, which are divided into two divisions- Garhwal and Kumaon regions.

Rajasthan: This state is partly located in the northern side of India, and some portion comes in the western part of India. Rajasthan has 33 districts in it.

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